水下考古：神話中的「黑天之城」現身！見證1萬年前核戰爭的城市（附文With English）-主持人文昭

印度考古學家在2003年，發現了一座海底古城，水下考古幾經波折，但越來越多的發現指向，它正是神話中的大神黑天所建立的城市。而這一發現正在把傳奇變成真正的歷史，包括那場遠古核戰爭。

印度人發現了一座比“亞特蘭蒂斯”還要高等的海底古城

用考古證明神話的真實故事：這個故事發生在1970年代——2010年代，故事的地點主要發生在印度的古吉拉特邦。

這裏是聖雄甘地的故鄉，是印度自古以來的海洋商貿重鎮。這個故事概括起來說，就是：印度人根據他們的上古傳說《摩訶婆羅多》找到了傳說中被大洪水淹沒的史前高等文明城市——德瓦卡（Dvaraka），也就是根據“印度《山海經》”找到“印度亞特蘭蒂斯”

這個故事給印度人帶來的震撼，就好比我們中國人根據《山海經》找到了伏羲女媧的“華胥國”，基督徒根據《聖經》找到了上帝的“伊甸園”。

奎師那

這個故事的主角是印度教中最重要的一個神——奎師那（也叫黑天神）。

說到這裏，我們先來說一下，印度教中主要有三尊大神：

第一個叫濕婆神，他是專門負責毀滅宇宙的；

第二個叫梵天神，他是專門負責創造文明的；

第三個叫毗濕奴，他是專門負責守護文明的。

我們故事的主角，奎師那就是毗濕奴的化身，負責來到凡間守護我們的文明。

根據印度教傳說《摩訶婆羅多》記載，奎師那在擊敗他的叔叔後，決定與他的人民一起從馬圖拉（今天新德裏以南100公裏）遷往海濱城市德瓦卡，並在那裏從海上“開墾”出96平方公裏的土地來建造城市。

德瓦卡（Dvaraka）

德瓦卡在梵文中的意思是“通往天國的門”根據神話描述，德瓦卡建立在“被海水釋放”的“淹沒之地”上。

它像一個棋盤一樣方正，被四個主要大門守衛著，城市中鳥語花香，是一個巨大的花園，湖泊縱橫。

城市中鳥語花香，是一個巨大的花園，湖泊縱橫（sri_rukmini_maharani/ins）

時不時響起天鵝的鳴叫，遠處傳來“巨型施工機器”的轟鳴……城外，一座座大廈正在拔地而起。

城市內外，布局合理的林蔭大道串聯起每個角落，庭院、花園、商業街、住宅星羅棋布。

此外，德瓦卡城還擁有90萬座宮殿，全部用水晶和金銀裝飾而成，並用巨大的祖母綠寶石點綴，宮殿裏擺放著金色的家具和無數的珠寶。

最重要的是奎師那就住在這些宮殿裏。奎師那和他的人民們在這不知生活了多久，直到《摩訶婆羅多》中記載，西方的薩瓦爾（Salwa）王國與奎師那的國度爆發了戰爭。這場戰爭在書中是被這麼描述：

薩瓦爾軍隊裝備了維摩那（一種飛行器），他們的大軍包圍了德瓦卡，摧毀了城市外圍的公園、大廈、天文臺等區域後，他們又從維摩那中扔下大量的射彈，接著，一陣激烈的旋風出現，覆蓋了整個地區，熱浪滾滾而來……（《薄伽梵往世書（10.76）》）

然後，奎師那最終發出了自己的武器，武器飛向薩瓦爾大軍，接著天空中升起像太陽一樣明亮的光球，薩瓦爾大軍瞬間灰飛煙滅。

這場“史前核戰”後不久，奎師那就離開了地球，在奎師那離開地球的同一天，德瓦卡城也被憤怒的“天神”用海水淹沒……

德瓦卡城也被憤怒的“天神”用海水淹沒……（grand_asia_tours/ins）

印度的史學家根據《摩訶婆羅多》中記載的月食、彗星等天象推測出來，這場大戰應該是發生在公元前3090年，而印度教信徒們則更願意相信，奎師那離開地球的時間是摩亨佐·達羅被毀前5000年，也就是距今約9000年前。

S.R.RAO博士

根據印度教傳說，今天的德瓦爾卡是奎師那-德瓦卡城的第七個“重生”，前六個遺址都被深埋在地下

如今有一座寺廟是代代相傳保留了下來的，它是專門為紀念奎師那所修建。無論德瓦卡被掩埋多少次，這所寺廟都會在新的德瓦卡城地面上被修建起來……

1970年，RAO博士奉命對這座古老印度教寺廟進行考古發掘，在發掘的過程中，他發現這座寺廟地下竟然還有一個古老的寺廟，再往下挖，又發現一個更古老的寺廟，層層遞進大概有3000年的歷史……

從寺廟下出土了大量的貝殼、陶器碎片、鐵器來看，廟宇下面是不斷被海水沖刷的一座座城市遺址，它們隨時歷史層層相疊。

RAO博士立刻聯想到了奎師那的傳說，聯想到了德瓦卡城的七個“重生”，難道這一切傳說都是真的？

沿著這條線索，RAO博士在德瓦爾卡附近的海洋中考古了近30年，發現了很多擁有3000-4000年歷史的海底城市。一步步鞏固了被淹沒德瓦卡城存在的證據。

但是，這一切證據離證明奎師那-德瓦卡城的傳說，還有“一步之遙”。

坎貝（Khambhat）灣的奇遇

故事到了2001年，印度政府委托國家海洋研究所在半島另一端的坎貝（khambhat）灣進行一次海洋汙染的檢測。

他們的聲吶竟然發現了一個占地約13平方公裏的城市遺跡（相當於5個摩亨佐·達羅遺址、30個天安門廣場的大小），這太大了

考古學家們從未在陸地上發現過如此大規模的古城。

接著，海洋研究所將從中打撈出來的一些木塊、陶片、化石骨頭等古物，並發往全世界許多不同實驗室去檢測（包括曼尼普爾大學和牛津大學），結果鑒定出來的年齡為3500歲——9500歲。

這個年齡如果沒錯，那麼足以證明兩點：

1，這極可能就是傳說中奎師那-德瓦卡城的遺址；

2，這處遺址比已經發現的任何城市遺址都要早5000年。

如果此處的考古發現和德瓦爾卡海底城市、摩亨佐·達羅、印度河谷文明的考古形成證據鏈，那人類文明史足以改寫！

這件事兒在2000年代引起了全球考古界的轟動，印度政府也不敢貿然行事，僅在2007年，又對這裏進行過一次聲吶掃描就再也沒有下文了，RAO博士30多年來從事的“奎師那-德瓦卡城”考古工作，就到此為止了，似乎有一個“直通天庭”的聲音在告訴他：

“不能再挖了！”

就在幾年前，當RAO博士在采訪中被問到他是多麼肯定這下面就是奎師那-德瓦卡時，他回答說：“只有名字牌丟失了”。

RAO博士企盼的“證據”遲遲無法出土，到了2013年，他也含恨與世長別，至此，奎師那-德瓦卡城可能永遠被淹沒在海中，淹沒在我們的記憶中。

這只能是一個“傳說”

如果奎師那德瓦卡城被考古證實了，那我們要不要相信《摩訶婆羅多》中的故事？

要不要相信“史前核戰”？

要不要相信上一代文明呢？

要不要相信來自地球之外的奎師那？

要不要相信毀滅宇宙、重建文明、守護文明的濕婆、梵天和毗濕奴三尊大神呢？

所以，這一切只能是一個傳說。

他們的聲吶竟然發現了一個占地約13平方公裏的城市遺跡（相當於5個摩亨佐·達羅遺址、30個天安門廣場的大小），這太大了

考古學家們從未在陸地上發現過如此大規模的古城。

這個年齡如果沒錯，那麼足以證明兩點：

1，這極可能就是傳說中奎師那-德瓦卡城的遺址；

2，這處遺址比已經發現的任何城市遺址都要早5000年。

如果此處的考古發現和德瓦爾卡海底城市、摩亨佐·達羅、印度河谷文明的考古形成證據鏈，那人類文明史足以改寫！

“不能再挖了！”

就在幾年前，當RAO博士在采訪中被問到他是多麼肯定這下面就是奎師那-德瓦卡時，他回答說：“只有名字牌丟失了”。

RAO博士企盼的“證據”遲遲無法出土，到了2013年，他也含恨與世長別，至此，奎師那-德瓦卡城可能永遠被淹沒在海中，淹沒在我們的記憶中。

這只能是一個“傳說”

如果奎師那德瓦卡城被考古證實了，那我們要不要相信《摩訶婆羅多》中的故事？

要不要相信“史前核戰”？

要不要相信上一代文明呢？

要不要相信來自地球之外的奎師那？

要不要相信毀滅宇宙、重建文明、守護文明的濕婆、梵天和毗濕奴三尊大神呢？

安納托尼亞/近東-兩河/埃及-印度/希臘-羅馬，這是一條近代西方編織了幾百年而成就的人類文明發展證據鏈。

但是，印度人似乎在我們耳邊隱約的說：

故事的真相，其實是文明在不斷的毀滅和重生，上一波毀滅，就是我們傳說中奎師那的時代，那是距今13000年-9000年前的時代。

這正好是我們地球的上一個冰河期結束，那時冰河融化，海平面急速上漲，全世界大量的文明城市被淹沒，比如西方人的亞特蘭蒂斯；我們的德瓦卡；你們的瀛洲、蓬萊……神離開了地球，人在洪水中劫後余生，正因為如此，全世界文明都會不約而同的有著對大洪水的記憶。

西方的神指引了諾亞一家讓他們逃到了安納托尼亞高原，之後又摧毀了他們建造的巴別塔，剝奪了他們的文明和科技，我們的神，奎師那指引我們來到了印度河谷間的高地，我們重建了哈拉帕、摩亨佐·達羅，但之後也被神摧毀，剝奪了我們的文明和科技。

至於神為什麼一定要剝奪我們上一代的文明和科技呢？這正是濕婆-梵天-毗濕奴三尊大神毀滅-重建-守護的循環工作，是絕不會出差錯的。

這麼看來，我們的地球，我們人類的文明，就像是神桌面上的實驗材料，他們在不斷的往復試驗中總結數據，建立模型，而這一切試驗，他們又有什麼目的呢？

難道，他們也受制於這個循環？也在尋找突破這個循環的方法？

說到這裏，印度人笑了，淡淡的說：是的，他們也受制於這個循環，佛陀就是這麼說的。

人、神都是一樣，必須參透“諸法皆空”，才能達成般若波羅蜜多，擁有無量智慧、超脫輪回、達到彼岸。

DVARAKA

BY MARK HAWTHORNE

The story of the tragic end of the fabulous city of Dvaraka has long been regarded as mere legend–that is, until an ambitious archeologist, Dr. S. R. Rao, began to investigate stone ruins sunk in the sea off the Kathiawar peninsula on India’s western coast. The area lies, logically enough, adjacent to the modern city of Dwarka. Dr. Rao believes those sunken ruins to be Krishna’s city, destroyed by a massive earthquake and tsunami. While such a catastrophic end might have seemed far-fetched a few years ago, the 2004 South Asian tsunami demonstrated to humanity once again the tremendous power of these cataclysmic natural events. Historically, decimation of coastal cities is more common than one might think. Less than 200 years ago, in 1819, in the same region of India, an earthquake sank the fort of Sindree and its surrounding village into the ocean. In November, 1775, in just ten minutes, a 9.0 quake destroyed the greater part of the coastal city of Lisbon, Portugal; one section of the city was submerged 600 feet.

Dr. Rao’s underwater exploration of the ruins off modern Dwarka (as it is spelled on maps) suggests destruction was sudden and violent, with the ocean overwhelming walls and swallowing the city whole, just as described in the Mahabharata. “Dvaraka was submerged by tsunami-like high-energy waves, pulling down heavy blocks of stone used in the construction of the structures, ” he told the 7th National Conference on Marine Archaeology at the National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) in October, 2005. “The heavy stones and rocks used in making the forts and gateways could not be destroyed by simple cyclones.”

Dr. Shikaripura Ranganatha Rao’s indomitable efforts in Dvaraka and later elsewhere have made India a leading force in marine archeology, even though he officially retired from the Archaeological Survey of India in 1980. The Survey, unwilling to part with Rao, enticed him back to found the now-renowned Indian National Institute of Oceanography. Among the many projects he became involved with, nothing has fired his talents and passion more than the offshore ruins in Gujarat.

The search for the lost city of Dvaraka had been going on since the 1930s, but with no success. The stone ruins off Dwarka, barely discernible from above water, could not be adequately studied prior to improvements in the field of underwater research. In 1983, Dr. Rao led the work of the Marine Archaeology Unit of the National Institute of Oceanography in studying these ruins. They started by examining what lay above sea level, to better understand what would be found under the water. In the center of modern Dwarka, beneath an ancient temple, Rao discovered layer upon layer of ruins, revealing a history of construction that included two earlier temples, an entire wall and figures of Vishnu. Digging further, he found the eroded remains of a town. Reaching sea level, which he estimates to represent about 1500 bce, he recovered red pottery that is characteristic of that period. The next phase of work would take him further down, below sea level, and thus further back in time.

Explorations between 1983 and 1990 revealed a well-fortified township, extending more than half a mile from the present shoreline and now mostly lying from 9 to 50 feet below sea level. Dr. Rao reasons that the submerged ruins date to 1700 or 1800 bce. His underwater explorations yielded large bastions, fort walls, two gateways and three-holed anchors, which he says demonstrate an evolution from earlier, single-holed anchors he previously found in Lothal and Mohenjo-daro. Dr. Rao is convinced that the underwater ruins match the Dvaraka of the Mahabharata. “You see, ” he begins, his energy and vigor belying his 85 years, “when Krishna comes with Arjuna to see the city, there is mention of the fort walls and the antahpuras, citadels, describing a fully equipped, fortified town. We have found these structures, six sectors and fortified parts of the city. The plan and certain details described in the Mahabharata match the archeological findings.” Dr. Rao goes on to describe a submerged area covering at least 2,000 by 5,000 feet, or 235 acres, with houses, a temple, public buildings and semicircular bastions that had been designed to divert the waters and protect the city from sea storms. The city’s walls were erected on a foundation of boulders, showing that the land was reclaimed from the sea. The layout of the city is in alignment with the temples onshore in modern Dwarka.

It was the discovery of a seal (photo, right) that convinced Dr. Rao he had found Krishna’s city. The seal is engraved with the images of a bull, a goat and a unicorn in an unmistakable style–a motif he says is no doubt of Indus origin and goes back to the 16th or 17th century bce. It is a small, flat artifact, no bigger than the palm of your hand, carved from a conch shell. This, Rao believes, is a seal of free pass: only those carrying it were allowed to enter the fabled city. “There is a reference in the Mahabharata, ” he explains, “that when Dvaraka was attacked by king Shalva, Krishna was not there. Upon his return, Krishna takes certain measures to defend the city. One of them is described to be a mudra seal, an identity that every citizen of Dvaraka must carry. It was the duty of the gatekeepers to make sure that absolutely nobody without this seal would have entered the city. This gave us reliable evidence to identify these ruins, where we found the seal, as Krishna’s Dvaraka. Finding this mudra was very exciting.” Skeptics point out, however, that the discovery of a single seal, which could even have come from another area, is not irrefutable evidence of the city’s identity.

Dr. Rao contends that a scripted piece of fired pottery found underwater provides further dating evidence. Using thermoluminescence analysis (useful on any object that has been heated, but having an error of plus or minus several hundred years), he dates it to the late Harappan period, about 1,700 bce. Using his own system of translation of the Harappan script, he believes the shard reads, “Mahagacha-sha-pa, ” or “Sea God protect.” Dr. Rao’s translation system, while regarded as a step in the right direction, is not accepted by some linguists.

Critics also point out that only the Mahabharata describes the destruction of Dvaraka as being “a matter of a few moments.” The Harivamsha and the Matsya Purana state that it took seven days to vacate Dvaraka before it was submerged by the sea. Dr. Rajiv Nigam, head of the geological division of the National Institute of Oceanography, and some other scientists believe in this more gradual submergence of the city.

Another issue is that Dr. Rao’s dating of 1700 bce does not agree with the traditional dating of this event. Based on the Indian calendar, some Indian historians hold that the destruction of Dvaraka took place around 3200 bce. This event marked the beginning of the Kali Yuga, our present age when ignorance and darkness prevail in the world.

In spite of the objections, Dr. Rao’s evidence is exciting and compelling. It is difficult to dispute that he has found an ancient submerged city; the question is whether or not it is Krishna’s Dvaraka. In either case, it is an enchanting doorway to an important part of India’s history. Dr. Rao wants the ruins preserved, protected and available. He proposes, “In my concept, tourists or even scientists could go around the structural remains of Dvaraka, in the sea, inside a giant acrylic tube to see the ancient city. Let us hope that some day the project will be taken up.” The State Government of Gujarat and the Travel & Tourism Department are working on his proposal, which could give rise to the world’s the first underwater museum. Rao’s work with Dvaraka is part of growing international interest in near-shore archeology which has turned up remarkable discoveries, as in Mahabalipuram, In this growing field of research, the future might reveal much more of India’s fascinating and still hidden past.

BY MARKTHE BEAUTY AND TRAGIC END OF KRISHNA’S CITY

The Mahabharata tells the story of holy Dvaraka, home to Lord Krishna in the last decades of his life. It is said that to avoid conflict with the powerful king of Magadha, a sworn enemy that had attacked them repeatedly, the Yadava clan of Krishna left their home in Mathura and fled to the west. Finding a delightful, peaceful place, they created a city to be their capital. It was made into a safe heaven, a fortress to withstand the fierce wars of the time. The Mahabharata recounts, “The city was well fortified on all sides, with arches, combatants and walls and turrets, and engines and streets barricaded with spiked wood-works, towers and edifices.”

Descriptions of Dvaraka give a glimpse into the beauty which Krishna imbued into his city. “Arjuna could see the splendid fortress city from a distance, shining like the sun on the horizon. It could only be reached by passing along a heavily guarded gate. Tall flags lined the roofs of mansions, and the ground was strewn with flower petals. As Krishna’s chariot moved slowly toward his father’s palace, Krishna saw the opulence of his city–the orchards and flower gardens, the beautiful lakes teeming with swans and thick with red and blue lotuses. Golden archways studded with precious stones stood at every crossroad, and white mansions lined the roads.”

Some texts record that the city was designed by Tvastar, the architect of the gods. It is praised in the Bhagavad Purana, the Skanda Purana, the Vishnu Purana, the Harivamsha and the Mahabharata, all boasting Dvaraka’s unsurpassed beauty and referring to it as the Golden City. “In the city, gardens flourished with celestial trees and the gold-towered buildings had balconies of crystal, ” says the Vishnu Purana.

After the epic Kurukshetra war ended with the victory of the virtuous Pandavas, Lord Krishna retired to live in Dvaraka for thirty-six years. Ill omens hinted at the shadows of the upcoming Kali Yuga: fratricide fights broke out between the Yadavas; hideous spirits traversed the skies, and Yama, God of Death, was seen in every household.

Distraught, Krishna retired into the forest and sat under a tree in meditation. A hunter mistook his partly visible foot for a deer and shot an arrow, mortally wounding Krishna. Not long afterwards, the sea mercilessly devoured the fabled city of Dvaraka.

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